Reproductive Disorders of Female Dogs

The short version

There are many reproductive diseases that can affect female dogs. The most common diseases are discussed in this section.

False Pregnancy (Pseudopregnancy)

False pregnancy (pseudopregnancy) is common in female dogs. It occurs at the end of the heat cycle and is characterized by weight gain, enlarged abdomen, swelling of the mammary glands, milk production, and behavioral changes. Some dogs behave as if delivery has occurred and “mother” by nesting inanimate objects (such as toys or shoes) and refusing to eat. Your veterinarian will eliminate the possibility of true pregnancy by the medical history, physical examination, and x‑rays or ultrasonography. Treatment is often not recommended because the condition usually ends on its own in 1 to 3 weeks. You should not milk out the mammary glands, because this will only stimulate production of more milk. Treatment can be given to animals that are uncomfortable because of milk production or to those with behavior that is troublesome.

Follicular Cysts

Follicular cysts are fluid-filled structures that develop within the ovary and lead to prolonged secretion of estrogen and continuous signs of estrus (heat) and attractiveness to males. Ovulation may not occur during these abnormal estrous cycles. Follicular cysts should be suspected in any dog showing signs of heat for more than 40 days. The condition is diagnosed through ultrasonography and laboratory tests. The treatment of choice is removal of the ovaries and uterus ("spaying"), which is curative. If the dog is to be bred, administration of drugs that cause ovulation might resolve the condition; however, these dogs must be monitored closely for uterine disease.

Mastitis

At the time of weaning, there may be an abundance of milk and glands that are warm, swollen, and painful to touch, but the dog should remain alert and healthy. Lactation can be diminished by returning to the amount of food and water intake that the dog consumed prior to pregnancy . Warm compresses can be applied, but care should be taken to not stimulate the glands (which stimulates milk production). Appropriate food and water must be provided for the puppies.

Metritis

Metritis is inflammation of the uterus that occurs after pregnancy. It is usually caused by bacterial infection. Factors such as prolonged or difficult delivery and retained fetuses or placentas may cause metritis. Escherichia coli bacteria are a common cause of infection of the uterus. The primary sign of infection is a pus-like discharge from the vulva. Female dogs with metritis are usually depressed or feverish, have a reduced appetite, and may neglect their offspring. Pups may become restless and cry incessantly. The infection is diagnosed through physical examination, x-rays, ultrasonography, and laboratory tests. Treatment includes administering fluids, supportive care, and antibiotics. Medications can also be given to expel a retained fetus or placenta. Your veterinarian will recommend if and when spaying is appropriate for dogs with metritis.

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

Ovarian remnant syndrome is caused by ovarian tissue that was left behind when a dog was spayed. This is a complication of the surgery. The most common signs are those of heat (swelling of the vulva, flagging, and standing to be mounted). Laboratory tests are done to confirm the presence of functional ovarian tissue. The ovarian tissue is removed by surgery.

Frequently asked questions

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